This Earth of Mankind - 785 Words

This report is based on an interview of Pramodeya Ananta Toer which explains the background thought processes of his four book series the â€Å"Buru Quartet† however the references taken shall be based solely on the first book of the quartet â€Å"This Earth of Mankind†. Pramodeya says that the idea for Minke the male protagonist of the quartet was based mostly on â€Å"Willem Wertheim† a Dutch scholar, this seems mostly ironic as one of the main antagonists in the novel happens to be the Dutch government and it is against Dutch colonialism that Minke stands up but as Toer says â€Å"He brought out the characters who had been erased from our history.† Not only this but also â€Å"I had students pore over newspaper stories from the period and wove episodes into†¦show more content†¦The idea as Toer says came from an Eurasian gang organized by the Dutch to terrorize the people of Jakarta and this is also pretty much what Robert Surhoff is also doing, another thing that is also most remarkable is the irony of the situation that the very people they try to imitate and please, by harming their own brethren in order to get their acceptance do not treat them with much respect and also consider them below their level. Which can be see n in the novel that the Dutch born first son of Mr. Mellema is given preference to the property over Mellema’s half Dutch children this concept is a forerunner to the idea of 2nd class or 3rd class citizenship which is still another form of Racism left over from colonial rule. Pramodeya’s inspiration from other works such as John Steinbeck’s â€Å"Of Mice and Men† and the works of Gorky and Tolstoy are quite evident. Pramodeya integrated the running theme of â€Å"Try to understand each other† from ‘Of Mice and Men’ into his quartet as it seems the only way out of the problem that the colonials and the colonialists are facing is if the two groups try and understand each other and Pramodeya in a way is showing what happens when individuals and communities on a whole do not understand the other persons view point and try to assert that they are right or superior overShow MoreRelatedThis Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesPramoedya Ananta Toer’s This Earth of Mankind is an allegorical novel describing the growth of protagonist Minke during the pre-awakening of colonized Java. Set in 1898 during the period of imperial Dutch domination over all aspects of Javan life, the nove l provides a clear image of the political and social struggles of a subjugated people through the point of view of a maturing youth. Using several of his novel’s major characters as allegorical symbols for the various stages of awareness the citizensRead MoreThe Power and Limitains of Women in This Earth Of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer927 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel This Earth Of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, discrimination against social structure, race, and gender is apparent. The setting is in the Indies, or now called Indonesia. At that time, there are terms for different races in the book, which are â€Å"Native† indicating someone who is pure Indonesian, â€Å"Indo† a half European and half Indonesian, and â€Å"Pure Blood† or â€Å"European† when someone is pure European. An Indo and a Pure Blood receives more respect in society than a Native. FurthermoreRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Gender Issues in This Earth of Mankind, by Pr amoedya Ananta Toer1122 Words   |  5 PagesOver the course of Pramoedya Ananta Toer s novel, This Earth of Mankind, a slew of issues relevant to the period of the colonialization of Indonesia by the Dutch are raised. These range from the influence of Western civilizations on the cultures of their Eastern colonies, to the impact of race on the opportunities one would have in Dutch-controlled Indonesia. However, one issue that stands out and is continually brought to light throughout the novel is that of gender, and the roles it inherentlyRead MoreThis Earth Of Mankind Has Been A Cruel Yet Memorable Story By Pramoedya Ananta Toer1636 Words   |  7 PagesThis Earth of Mankind has been a cruel yet memorable story by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This Earth of Mankind, the first in a collection of four novels, gives the readers a glimpse into the colonial period of the Dutch Indies. Minke, a young Native man, narrates the story and shares his thoughts throughout the novel. The basic premis e of the story revolves around Minke experiencing many social injustices, meeting remarkable characters, and developing his own opinion on the world around him. TragedyRead MoreThis Earth of Mankind Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Pramoedya Ananta Toers novel, This Earth of Mankind, a multitude of social justice issue arise amongst the Dutch colonization of Indonesia. The European cultural influence truly suffocated the local natives to the point where social structure and class took precedence over knowledge, talent, and experience. Native Indonesians where seen as inferior to the Dutch colonials and race was thus correlated with class. Race refers to whether someone is Native Indonesian, Indo, or European. TheRead MoreSummary Of The Poem This Earth Of Mankind 1473 Words   |  6 PagesThis Earth of Mankind is a novel that takes place between 1898 and 1910 and conveys the story of a Javanese boy by the name of Minke and his life growing up in the Netherlands East indie s. Minke is a brilliant student who is a descendant of Javanese royalty and have a very good critical eye when it comes to the dangers of the world. He is the first Javanese boy to attend an elite Dutch Colonial High School. Minke’s life is going to change once he is invited to live with an atypical family. The motherRead MoreThe And Hopi And Zuni Tribes1741 Words   |  7 PagesThe Earth existed for at least 4.5 billion years before modern humans came into being. The different cultures of the world have different ideas or stories of how humans came to be. The Hopi and Zuni tribes have creation stories that were passed from generation to generation. These stories claim that the world, despite being made before man, is meant to be ruled by and sustain mankind. Daniel Quinn’s novel, Ishmael, imagines its own creation myths to showcase how these stories work and the messagesRead MoreEssay about Three Versions of the Great Flood941 Words   |  4 PagesJust about everyo ne has heard a story about the Great Flood. Where you live and your religious beliefs impacts which myth you’ve heard. They all have the same basis; mankind is going to be destroyed because of their sins, a man is told to build an Ark, which he does, sacrifices to birds searching for dry land and ends up saving mankind and gaining immortality. Although the basis of every story is the same, they have their differences. I will be comparing three versions of the Great Flood, the SumerianRead MoreSputnik, The Russian State Into The Vast Realm Of Space887 Words   |  4 Pagesbeyond the confines of Earth, modernity entered an entirely new construct. The event marked not only an achievement for science and technology, but also for mankind as a whole. Sputnik served as the â€Å"first step toward escape from men’s imprisonment on Earth, modernity entered an entirely new context. The event marked not only an achievement for science and technology, but also for mankind as a w hole. Sputnik served as the â€Å"first step toward escape from men’s imprisonment on Earth,† cultivating whatRead MoreGreek Mythology : The Creation1373 Words   |  6 Pagesdark, empty and silent until love was born bringing order with it, light was born along with Gaea, the earth from love. Gaea alone gave birth to Uranus, the sky, and he became her husband surrounding her on all sides. Together they created twelve Titans, three cyclops s and three Hecatonchires (hundred-handed ones). Uranus did not like the Hecatonchires so he hid them in a secret place in the earth which angered Gaea so greatly that she plotted against him. When she asked her children to aid her in

Persuasive Essay On Abortion - 1656 Words

Parental consent is currently required for a minor to receive an abortion because parents believe young adults are incapable of making such an important decision because they are not mature enough (Maradiegue 2). However, if a young adult is responsible enough to have safe sex, then they should be able to determine if they want an abortion. Parents do not have absolute veto over the young adults decision, but if the young adult wishes to go against their parent’s decision they must receive approval through a clear and convincing evidence, which allows the daughter to prove she is â€Å"mature or that the abortion is in her best interest prior to waiving the state’s parental involvement requirement† (â€Å"Parental Involvement†). A teenager should†¦show more content†¦It is important for a young adult to be able to make her own decision without her parents consent because her parents restrict her freedom. If young adults have unprotected sex, then it is the fault of failed sex education for not teaching them how to be safe. The teenager who is pregnant is scared of what her parents and peers may think and will shy away from telling them because she does not want to feel hated or like she disappointed them. If parental consent is no longer a requirement across the country, teens who become pregnant will be able to access safe abortions without having to face their parents. Some parents do not want their daughters to have an abortion due to religious beliefs. However, if the teen believes an abortion is in her best interest, her parents should not be able to restrict her of her freedom, causing her to face the consequences of becoming a young mother. The options of the clear and convincing evidence and judicial bypass is helpful to the young mothers who wish to have an abortion, but parents do not. However, since not all state offer these options, it forces the young mother to either tell her parents or have the child. If paren tal consent is removed, then the laws which remove parental consent for minors would not be needed because young adults would be able to access abortions on their own, immenselyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of this layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive was presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion917 Words   |  4 PagesAbortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the ProRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the population. (Ertlet) For countri es such as the U.S. with a growth rate being 1.6%, the proposal of widespread abortion is highly recommended as mentioned by obstetricians and gynecologists. (MumfordKessel) Who now leaves the question as to if the option of abortion should be used as a means ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to abortion, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially amongRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1321 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who may be suicidal or who is suicidal himself/herself. As for taking away fetus’ lives, the damage that abortion makes on life can be proven with the statistics. According to Casey, â€Å"over the past 44 years, one-sixth (60,000,000) of the American population has been killed by elective abortion. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans are killed in the womb America,† (Should Abortion Be Legal n.p.). The figure 60,000,000 is a depressing number considering that these children could have been future

E Marketing Impact on Small Business

Question: Discuss about the E Marketing for Impact on Small Business. Answer: Introduction The terms e-marketing and internet marketing are used interchangeable to mean the same vehicle of communication. In the context of SMEs the SMEs recognize that e-marketing through the use of internet marketing and social media network plays an important role. Whereas e-marketing is defined variously as the use of different aspects of internet to contact buyers, communicate with the buyers to promote and sell the products of SMEs. In the present assignment a proposal is being given to analyse the business of a SME. The SME should be using e-marketing, internet marketing, social media marketing for its business. The research would primarily focus on who the use of internet has shaped in the growth of its business. Other factors which plays a role in business growth of the SME would also be considered. Literature Review Dahnil et.al. (2014). studied the social media marketing strategies being adopted by SMEs. According to Dahnil et.al. the social media has become a tool for communication to conduct business. According to them social media marketing can be said to be a type of e-marketing. Social media marketing leverages the internet for marketing purposes. According to them the terms social media marketing, internet-marketing mean approximately the same processes and can be said to be a type of e-marketing. SMEs using social media marketing uses media platforms like Linkedin, twitter, facebook to enhance their objectives. Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) form a major source of employment. SMEs in Australia have been identified as a major factor for the development of regional Australia. The factors which makes them more versatile is their ability to identify and acquire new knowledge. They use this knowledge to exploit the regional market. The new knowledge they acquire depends on their socialization ability. A study amongst 12 regional SMEs of Australia explored how they use the social media to acquire new knowledge to fuel the innovation. The study found that even though the 12 SMEs use social media they are not aware of the full use of the social media. The SMEs should be made aware of the importance of these networks and the role that these networks can play in their growth. The study also found that the SMEs should be educated about the use of social networks (Bosua, Evans and Sawyer 2013). Social media is being extensively used by the SMEs to further their business interests. A study was conducted regarding the innovations in the social media being used by the managers of SMEs for business purposes. The study involved managers of SMES of the four countries of USA, UK, Australia and India. The managers experience and use of twitter for the enhancement of the SMEs was analysed. Twitter was considered since it offers more advantage than facebook. The study found that SMEs can use twitter for their business. It found no difference between the country and the ability of the managers to use twitter. It only found that more young managers in the SMEs were adept at use of social media networking sites for enhancing their working. Thus the research only strengthened the fact that for enhancing the business opportunities of the SMEs the enterprises should use the internet in all its colours (Wamba and Carter 2013). A study was conducted to analyse the knowledge base used by the SMEs in Australia. The analysis was conducted on a successful Australian SMEs. An SME was selected since an SME is thought of as a key to creation of jobs and wealth in developed countries. The study analysed how the SME enhanced its e-marketing strategies through the development of knowledge development. The study analysed the knowledge management on the basis of how the SME created or captured the information, how it shared or disseminated the information, how it accumulated the information and finally how did the SME use the information for its business. (Coyte, Ricceri and Guthrie 2012). A study was conducted on 40 small and medium business enterprises from Melbourne, Gold-coast and Coffs Harbour of Australia. The study posed in-depth interviews with the stakeholders of the SME organizations. The only factor that linked all the SMEs was the use of social media like facebook, linkedin and twitter for the promotion of the business. The majority of the SMEs was found to be using facebook for e-marketing purposes. Thus facebook was seen as having a clear advantage with regard to the use for marketing purposes. The study also indicated that some of them might not be very happy with the way facebook works. Some of the SMEs indicated the use of social media platforms for e-marketing since it helps them to get feedback on their products. The SMEs used both reactive and proactive strategies for e-marketing (Burgess et.al. 2015). A study conducted analysed the websites of SMEs of Australia and US with three marketing strategies. The websites were tested for the marketing of the SMEs, online marketing communication and the channel used by the SMEs for marketing. The websites were being analysed for their inclination towards the market forces. A total of 316 websites were analysed by certified auditors and again verified by a third auditor. The study found that 23% of Australian websites provided a guest books and 10.9% of the Australian websites enabled the facility of chat between the members. It also found that only 7.3% of the websites had a column called comment. The paper found that more needs to be done by the SME websites for better e-marketing (Adam, Featherstone and Day 2014). A study found that for SME to be effective it has to take into consideration marketing, innovation and learning capabilities all together. These above capabilities go hand in hand for the growth of a SME (Sok, OCass and Sok 2013). Research aim The aim of the research is to find to what extent does e-marketing influence the working of the SME Research question : The research question for this assignment is as follows: How does the organization implement e-marketing for the growth of the business What is the perception of the organization towards the e-marketing strategies How has e-marketing changed the business prospect of the organization Research objective The objective of doing the research is as follows: To find the correlation between the business growth and e-marketing To find the percentage of people within the organization who were happy with the e-marketing strategies being undertaken by the organization To find the level of change in economics of the organization as a result of the e-marketing strategies Research Methodology The present research aims to search the answer to the question as to how a SME in Australia uses e-marketing (social media) for its growth. The research would use a qualitative approach to find the answer. The qualitative research method is helpful since it can gain a deep insight into the experiences and difficulties in conducting a SME business (Zikmund 2013). A qualitative research is helpful because it can explain a phenomenon rather than quantifying the phenomenon. Data Collection and Analysis The data to be collected will be primary research through the conduct of interview. A small business entity from Australia will be chosen. All the employees of the organization are part of the sample study. The criteria for selecting a SME are that the head of the organization should be looking after the marketing and social activities of the SME. The above limitation is chosen since from literature it has been found that the managers are responsible for the marketing decisions. The business should be using active social media services for the purpose of e-marketing of its products. Exploratory data analysis will be used to quantify the data. Factor analysis will be used to identify the variables which are more important than other variables. Correlation analysis will be used to analyse the relation between the variables. Expected research outcome The previous works on the use of e-marketing (social media) for SMEs have found that with the use of different e-marketing strategies there have been differences in the business. As the knowledge about different e-marketing and social networking methods have grown so has, the use of these approaches. Thus the present study will demonstrate that with better awareness of the marketing heads of the SMEs regarding the e-marketing strategies they have become more adept at using social networking platforms. Thus with better capabilities the SMEs have been able to grow in business. Conclusion It can concluded that with the growth of the social media and social networking the SMEs have started to use these aggressively. These aggressive use of e-marketing strategies has paid them well. They have been able to garner more business with limited resources. Thus the SMEs agrees that the social media marketing and internet marketing have helped them in their business. They have learnt the benefits use of social networking media for their growth. The data outcome will suggest how newer techniques of social media networking and internet marketing are being adopted by the SMEs. References Adam, S., Featherstone, M. and Day, K.W., 2014. A comparison of the marketing capabilities of SME websites in Australian and US domains. Journal of Technology Research, 5, p.1. Bosua, R., Evans, N. and Sawyer, J., 2013. Social networks, social media and absorptive capacity in regional Small and Medium Enterprises (SMES) in Australia. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, 23(1), p.117. Burgess, S.S., Sellitto, C.C., Buultjens, J.J. and Cox, C.C., 2015, July. How Australian SMEs engage with social media. In Proceedings of the European conference on e-learning (pp. 45-51). Coyte, R., Ricceri, F. and Guthrie, J., 2012. The management of knowledge resources in SMEs: an Australian case study. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(5), pp.789-807. Dahnil, M.I., Marzuki, K.M., Langgat, J. and Fabeil, N.F., 2014. Factors influencing SMEs adoption of social media marketing. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, pp.119-126. Sok, P., OCass, A. and Sok, K.M., 2013. Achieving superior SME performance: Overarching role of marketing, innovation, and learning capabilities. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 21(3), pp.161-167. Wamba, S.F. and Carter, L., 2013, January. Twitter adoption and use by SMEs: An empirical study. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2042-2049). IEEE. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C., Griffin, M., 2013. Business Research Methods. Cengage Learning.

Blue Whale Essay Example For Students

Blue Whale Essay GENERAL DESCRIPTION The largest animal that has ever lived on earth is the blue whale. Not only is this creature the largest, it is also the loudest. Blue whales only eat small organisms, such as plankton and krill. They are found living in small groups, or more commonly known as pods. They have 2 blow holes and have 5-30cm thick layer of blubber. SIZE The blue whale can grow up to 25m long on average. They weigh 109 tonnes. The largest blue whale found was a female. It was 27m long and weighed more then 158 tonnes. The females are always larger then the males are. The largest of the blue whales has a heart that weighs around 450 kg and has 6,400 kg of blood going around its body. Blue whales have a heart the size of a Volkswagon beetle. And a its main blood vessel is big enough to crawl through. LOUDNESS The loudest animal on earth is also the blue whale! When they make a sound, it can reach up to 188 decibels. They make a low-frequency whistle that can be heard from hundreds of miles away. The blue whales call is even louder then a jet (140 decibels). Human shouting is 70 decibels. Sounds over 120 decibels hurt the human ear. It weightstwenty pounds . It can be used like a computer. The sperm whale has ears butvery little hair. Sperm whale can dive a mile under the water. Two thousand feetunder the surface, a sperm whale might appear. The sperm whale can go underwaterfor more than half an hour. In addition, many toothed whales are believed to usetheir sonar capabilities to stun their prey with a gsonic pulseh. The narwhal,an unusual toothed whale with a tooth piecing the upper lip, is believed to bethe basis of the legendary unicorn. Southern right whales have been seen toraise their flukes in the air and use them as sails. Grey whales are able toswim in water as shallow as 6 feet! There are four species of dolphins thatinhabit fresh water rivers. Some species of whale lice, small crustaceanssimilar to terrestrial lice, can be found only on one type of whale. Whalingstill occurs today with Japan and Norway being the primary hunters. Fin whalesare the second largest animal ever to live on earth. They have been measured toover 80 feet long in Antarctic waters. Fin whales are the only known mammal tohave regular asymmetrical coloration. The right side of their lower jaw andbaleen are white, while the left side is black. The tongue has the reversecoloration. It is thought that they use the white color to startle and stun fishschools when they feed. There is no known winter breeding ground for fin whalesanywhere in the world. Scientists think they may go offshore and disperse duringthe winter. Reproduction is seasonal, but no concentration area is known. Theonly natural predator of humpback whales is the killer whale (orcas), andpossibly sharks to very young calves or badly injured whales. Up to 15% ofhumpback whales in an area may have scars from orca attacks that they havesurvived. Thats what I researched about previous amazing facts on whales. Ienjoyed to researching about whales. I think they are very intelligent and coolanimals in the ocean!

About Uranium-Lead Dating

About Uranium-Lead Dating Of all the isotopic dating methods in use today, the uranium-lead method is the oldest and, when done carefully, the most reliable. Unlike any other method, uranium-lead has a natural cross-check built into it that shows when nature has tampered with the evidence. Basics of Uranium-Lead Uranium comes in two common isotopes with atomic weights of 235 and 238 (well call them 235U and 238U). Both are unstable and radioactive, shedding nuclear particles in a cascade that doesnt stop until they become lead (Pb). The two cascades are different- 235U becomes 207Pb and 238U becomes 206Pb. What makes this fact useful is that they occur at different rates, as expressed in their half-lives (the time it takes for half the atoms to decay). The 235U–207Pb cascade has a half-life of 704 million years and the 238U–206Pb cascade is considerably slower, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years. So when a mineral grain forms (specifically, when it first cools below its trapping temperature), it effectively sets the uranium-lead clock to zero. Lead atoms created by uranium decay are trapped in the crystal and build up in concentration with time. If nothing disturbs the grain to release any of this radiogenic lead, dating it is straightforward in concept. In a 704-million-year-old rock, 235U is at its half-life and there will be an equal number of 235U and 207Pb atoms (the Pb/U ratio is 1). In a rock twice as old there will be one 235U atom left for every three 207Pb atoms (Pb/U 3), and so forth. With 238U the Pb/U ratio grows much more slowly with age, but the idea is the same. If you took rocks of all ages and plotted their two Pb/U ratios from their two isotope pairs against each other on a graph, the points would form a beautiful line called a concordia (see the example in the right column). Zircon in Uranium-Lead Dating The favorite mineral among U-Pb daters is zircon (ZrSiO4), for several good reasons. First, its chemical structure likes uranium and hates lead. Uranium easily substitutes for zirconium while lead is strongly excluded. This means the clock is truly set at zero when zircon forms. Second, zircon has a high trapping temperature of 900Â °C. Its clock is not easily disturbed by geologic events- not erosion or consolidation into sedimentary rocks, not even moderate metamorphism. Third, zircon is widespread in igneous rocks as a primary mineral. This makes it especially valuable for dating these rocks, which have no fossils to indicate their age. Fourth, zircon is physically tough and easily separated from crushed rock samples because of its high density. Other minerals sometimes used for uranium-lead dating include monazite, titanite and two other zirconium minerals, baddeleyite and zirconolite. However, zircon is so overwhelming a favorite that geologists often just refer to zircon dating. But even the best geologic methods are imperfect. Dating a rock involves uranium-lead measurements on many zircons, then assessing the quality of the data. Some zircons are obviously disturbed and can be ignored, while other cases are harder to judge. In these cases, the concordia diagram is a valuable tool. Concordia and Discordia Consider the concordia: as zircons age, they move outward along the curve. But now imagine that some geologic event disturbs things to make the lead escape. That would take the zircons on a straight line back to zero on the concordia diagram. The straight line takes the zircons off the concordia. This is where data from many zircons is important. The disturbing event affects the zircons unequally, stripping all the lead from some, only part of it from others and leaving some untouched. The results from these zircons therefore plot along that straight line, establishing what is called a discordia. Now consider the discordia. If a 1500-million-year-old rock is disturbed to create a discordia, then is undisturbed for another billion years, the whole discordia line will migrate along the curve of the concordia, always pointing to the age of the disturbance. This means that zircon data can tell us not only when a rock formed, but also when significant events occurred during its life. The oldest zircon yet found dates from 4.4 billion years ago. With this background in the uranium-lead method, you may have a deeper appreciation of the research presented on the University of Wisconsins Earliest Piece of the Earth page, including the 2001 paper in Nature that announced the record-setting date.

A Summary of South African Apartheid

A Summary of South African Apartheid Though youve likely heard about South African apartheid doesnt mean you know  its full history or how the system of racial segregation actually worked. Read on to improve your understanding and see how it overlapped  with Jim Crow in the United States. A Quest  For Resources The European presence in South Africa  dates back to the 17th century when the Dutch East India Company established the Cape Colony outpost. Over the next three centuries, Europeans, primarily of British and Dutch origin, would expand their presence in South Africa to pursue the land’s abundance of natural resources such as diamonds and gold. In 1910, whites founded the Union of South Africa, an independent arm of the British Empire that gave the white minority control of the country and disenfranchised blacks. Although South Africa was majority black, the white minority passed a series of land acts that resulted in them occupying 80 to 90 percent of the country’s land. The 1913 Land Act unofficially launched apartheid by requiring the black population to live on reserves. Afrikaner Rule Apartheid officially became a way of life in South Africa in 1948, when  the Afrikaner National Party came into power after heavily promoting the racially stratified system. In Afrikaans, apartheid means â€Å"apartness† or â€Å"separateness.†Ã‚  More than 300 laws led to apartheid’s establishment in South Africa. Under apartheid, South Africans were categorized into four racial groups: Bantu (South African natives), colored (mixed-race), white and Asian (immigrants from the Indian sub-continent.) All South Africans over the age of 16 were required to carry racial identification cards. Members of the same family often were categorized as different racial groups under the apartheid system. Apartheid not only banned interracial marriage but also sexual relations between members of different racial groups, just as miscegenation was banned in the United States. During apartheid, blacks were required to carry passbooks at all times to allow them entry into public spaces reserved for whites. This occurred after the enactment of the Group Areas Act in 1950. During the Sharpeville Massacre  a decade later, nearly 70 blacks were killed and nearly 190 wounded when police opened fire on them for refusing to carry their passbooks. After the massacre, leaders of the African National Congress, which represented the interests of black South Africans, adopted violence as a political strategy. Still, the military arm of the group did not seek to kill, preferring to use violent sabotage as a political weapon. ANC leader Nelson Mandela explained this during the famous 1964 speech he gave after being jailed for two years for inciting a strike. Separate and Unequal Apartheid limited the education the Bantu received. Because apartheid laws reserved skilled jobs for whites exclusively, blacks were trained in schools to perform manual and agricultural labor but not for skilled trades. Fewer than 30 percent of black South Africans had received any kind of formal education whatsoever by 1939. Despite being natives of South Africa, blacks in the country were relegated to 10 Bantu homelands after the passage of the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959. Divide and conquer appeared to be the purpose of the law. By splitting up the black population, the Bantu could not form a single political unit in South Africa and wrest control from the white minority. The land blacks lived on was sold to whites at low costs. From 1961 to 1994, more than 3.5 million people were forcibly removed from their homes and deposited in the Bantustans, where they were plunged into poverty and hopelessness. Mass Violence The South African government made international headlines when authorities killed hundreds of black students peacefully protesting apartheid in 1976. The slaughtering of the students came to be known as the Soweto Youth Uprising. Police killed anti-apartheid activist Stephen Biko in his jail cell in September 1977. Biko’s story was chronicled in the 1987 film â€Å"Cry Freedom,† starring Kevin Kline and Denzel Washington. Apartheid Comes to a Halt The South African economy took a significant hit in 1986 when the United States and Great Britain imposed sanctions on the country because of its practice of apartheid. Three years later F.W. de Klerk became president of South Africa and dismantled many of the laws that allowed apartheid to become the way of life in the country. In 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from prison after serving 27 years of a life sentence. The following year South African dignitaries repealed the remaining apartheid laws and worked to establish a multiracial government. De Klerk and Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for their efforts to unify South Africa. That same year, South Africa’s black majority won rule of the country for the first time. In 1994, Mandela became South Africa’s first black president. Sources HuffingtonPost.com:  Apartheid History Timeline: On Nelson Mandela’s Death, A Look Back At South Africa’s Legacy Of Racism Postcolonial Studies at Emory University History.com: Apartheid - Facts and History

Maritime Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Maritime Logistics - Essay Example Both parties sought to develop a solution meant to avert a strike, which would cause a substantial economic and social impact on East and Gulf Coast citisens and other business stakeholders. One port in eastern Florida employs approximately 64,000 workers on full-time and casual labour jobs. Staging of a strike means that the port will suffer an economic predicament for an indefinite period of time – certainly until authorities address the workers’ issues. According to maritime statistics, the port generates approximately $1 billion daily in form of gross domestic revenue to the US economy. This means that downing of tools by port workers will affect Florida residents because of the $1 billion revenue gap created on a daily basis. Among the stakeholders affected are export merchants involved in production and sale of agricultural produces. Norilsk (2012) argues that prolonged wrangles between workers and employers in the port will affect Florida farmers and other indust rial businesses that depend on the port for business activities. Efforts were made by the Longshoremen Association to pursue federal government into stopping the strike in the event that the parties could not reach an agreement. Despite these efforts, legal proceedings within the Florida judicial system allowed workers to continue with the strike. The courts arrived at this decision after considering the provisions availed by proportionate workers’ right in accordance with the Trade Union Ordinance. Therefore, the next step would be to appraise the economic and social impact that will result from the strike. Ports in Supply Chain Management Maritime technical operations indicate that ports play a significant role in international supply chain management. Supply chain management entails integration of technology, information, and manpower skills in facilitating the movement of products from the producer’s premises to the different types of consumers in the market. Wang (2007) states that the role played by supply chain management at the international business platform became more pronounced as a result of increased globalisation. Currently, these chains enhance synchronisation of business activities between trading partners. Supply chains facilitate flow of goods and information from one region to another. As a result, export companies can acquire relevant information meant to make future business decisions. From an economic perspective, producers will adjust their production likes based on consumer patterns observed in their market segments. On the other hand, consumers will only benefit in their trade relationship if they stay abreast of latest developments within the producers environment. This means that international supply chains are charged with the responsibility of developing and maintaining day-to-day movement of goods and information between trading regions. In the context of international supply chain management, ports play a key role as a source of relevant logistical infrastructure. Ports provide a suitable environment where buyers meet sellers. In this regard, involved stakeholders could adjust their business activities in relation to the dictates of supply and demand witnessed in ports. Supply inclines towards the trends created by the demand of goods and services within the consumer market. In this case, some producers wait